Collision Risk Mitigation in Geostationary Orbit

The short- and long-term effects of spacecraft explosions, as a function of the end-of-life re-orbit altitude above the geostationary orbit (GEO), were analyzed in terms of their additional contribution to the debris flux in the GEO ring. The simulated debris clouds were propagated for 72yrs, taking into account all the relevant orbital perturbations.The results obtained show that 6–7 additional explosions in GEO would be sufficient, in the long term, to double the current collision risk with sizable objects in GEO. Unfortunately, even if spacecraft were to re-orbit between 300 and 500km above GEO, this would not significantly improve the situation. In fact, an altitude increase of at least 2000km would have to be adopted to reduce by one order of magnitude the long-term risk of collision among geostationary satellites and explosion fragments. The optimal debris mitigation strategy should be a compromise between the reliability and effectiveness of spacecraft end-of-life passivation, the re-orbit altitude and the acceptable debris background in the GEO ring. However, for as long as the re-orbit altitudes currently used are less than 500km above GEO, new spacecraft explosions must be avoided in order to preserve the geostationary environment over the long term.     

Space traffic control: a view of the future

This paper provides an overview of a system for providing reliable, ongoing, timely situational awareness services to satellite operators. Such services would include close approach warnings, warnings of potential radio frequency interference, and other offerings designed to help make operators aware of possible threats to the safe operation of their spacecraft and measures they can take to lessen these threats. The paper discusses current trends, proposes operational requirements, and speculates on the type of organization that may emerge to provide space traffic control services. It highlights how the detailed information required for such services may affect the evolution of the use of space.     

Tether Satellite System Collision Study

A study was performed to determine the probability of collision with resident space objects and untrackable debris for the tether component of the Tethered Satellite System (TSS) after it broke away from the Space Shuttle orbiter (mission STS-75) in February 1996. Both an analytical and a numerical approach were used in this study, and the results obtained with these two methods were found to be in good agreement. These results show that the deployed tether is expected to have been impacted by several particles 0.1mm or larger in size. The probability of collision with objects 10cm in size or larger was on the order of 10^–3 per month. Since the severed tether reentered within one month after deployment, the collision hazard to other objects while in orbit was small. The analytical methods used in this study are useful for tether collision evaluations in general.     

气固紊流剪切流中颗粒弥散的拉格朗日模拟

本文提出了一种对于气固两相紊流剪切流中圆形固体颗粒弥散的拉格朗日拟计算方法，其中考虑了颗粒间的磁撞对流体相和颗料相的影响，应用该方法对一气固紊流剪切流场进行了模拟计算，并对有、无颗粒间磁撞情况下的模拟计算结果与Lavieville用大涡模拟方法的研究结果进行了比较，并进行了讨论。     

飞机风挡透明件的鸟撞分析

 本文研究了风挡透明件鸟撞动力响应的分析模型和方法。考虑了撞击载荷与风挡透明件动力响应的耦合作用和非线性效应。为了能方便地使用现有的非线性有限元分析程序并避免数值解的振荡现象,在研究中不采用常用的拉格朗日法和罚函数法,而是采用动量平衡法。同时,为了避免不断调整撞击接触点和修改网格,本文采用超弹性的橡皮材料来模拟鸟体,而不是象国外那样采用流体柱。研究和比较了衍生动载荷响应解,并提出相应的看法。     

鸟撞飞机的一般规律和防撞措施

 1.按月份统计的事故次数 不同月份鸟撞事故的次数有明显的差别。图1中实线是中国空军1957年～1982年50例的统计情况;虚线是美国空军1966年～1972年2492例的统计情况。资料表明,每年4月、5月、9月、10月为事故多发期,约占60％。日本一家民航公司1981年～1983年的统计表明约有60％的事故发生在7月～10月中。究其原因,一是春秋两季为候鸟迁徙期;二是此     

基于包围盒的碰撞检测算法

详细分析比较了基于包围盒的碰撞检测算法中的轴向包围盒法、方向包围盒法、离散方向多面体法的检测原理和检测效率,并改进了轴向包围盒碰撞检测算法,提出利用简化包围盒边缘节点实现碰撞检测的新设想,其可行性已被初步试验证实。不仅显著提高了碰撞检测的速度,而且可以便捷地得到更为详细的碰撞检测信息,满足了进一步进行碰撞响应处理的需要,使飞行模拟机的视景系统能够实时、准确地检测出虚拟物体间的碰撞。     

航空发动机风扇转子叶片外物损伤I.鸟撞击试验研究(英文)

本文改进了叶片鸟撞击试验条件。对某型发动机风扇一级转子叶片进行了鸟撞击试验。通过对叶片的鸟撞击瞬态响应分析和撞击前后叶片叶型变化的分析,验证了风扇一级转子叶片的抗鸟撞击性能,为某型发动机风扇转子叶片的抗外物损伤设计提供了依据。     

基于目视间隔条件下的碰撞风险分析

为研究目视间隔条件下进近过程中前后两飞机的碰撞风险问题,通过Reich碰撞模型和碰撞风险模型,引入目视误差作为影响因素之一,建立基于目视间隔条件下的风险评估模型.从纵向、横向、垂向三个维度分析前后两飞机碰撞的概率,求得目视条件下进近两机碰撞的概率,以此作为风险分析的结果.计算结果表明,利用模型计算出的碰撞风险符合国际民航组织规定的航空器空中碰撞概率规定值.故而可证明,目视间隔和目视进近可作为一种安全的空中交通管制运行模式缩小安全间距,提高空域利用率,增加飞行流量.     

Multimodal characteristics of a piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate element impacted with iron particles having velocities above 20 km/s

The responses of a piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) element to hypervelocity collisions were experimentally studied. In this study, the particles of masses ranging from 0.3 to 10 fg were made to collide with PZT at velocities between 20 and 96 km/s. The amplitude and the corresponding rise time of the single-pulse output signals that were produced in the piezoelectric PZT element were measured to determine the possible collision states. The results revealed an apparently multimodal output; three classes were assumed to be involved in the pulse formation mechanism. The amplitude and rise time were sensitive to the collision velocity. The multimodal behavior implied that the PZT-based cosmic dust detectors should be calibrated according to the class they belong to.